🚢 All at Sea with Streams - Using Kafka to Detect Patterns in the Behaviour of Ships
A presentation at Kafka Summit Americas by Robin Moffatt
🚢 All at Sea with Streams Using Kafka to Detect Patterns in the Behaviour of Ships #kafkasummit @rmoff
Further reading • This talk is built on concepts explored in detail in these two blogs: • https://www.confluent.co.uk/blog/streaming-etl-andanalytics-for-real-time-location-tracking/ • https://www.confluent.co.uk/blog/streaming-data-withconfluent-and-ksqldb-for-new-use-cases-with-ais/ @rmoff
Planes @rmoff
Trains @rmoff
Automobiles @rmoff
…and Ships! @rmoff
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Handling different messages types in the same stream @rmoff
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Use ksqlDB to route messages based on type ksql> CREATE OR REPLACE STREAM AIS_MSG_TYPE_1_2_3 WITH (FORMAT=’AVRO’) AS SELECT CAST(EXTRACTJSONFIELD(msg,’$.type’) AS INT) AS msg_type, CAST(EXTRACTJSONFIELD(msg,’$.mmsi’) AS VARCHAR) AS mmsi, CAST(EXTRACTJSONFIELD(msg,’$.status_text’) AS VARCHAR) AS status_text, CAST(EXTRACTJSONFIELD(msg,’$.speed’) AS DOUBLE) AS speed, CAST(EXTRACTJSONFIELD(msg,’$.course’) AS DOUBLE) AS course, CAST(EXTRACTJSONFIELD(msg,’$.heading’) AS INT) AS heading FROM AIS_RAW WHERE EXTRACTJSONFIELD(msg,’$.type’) IN (‘1’ ,’2’ ,’3’ ,’18’ ,’27’) PARTITION BY CAST(EXTRACTJSONFIELD(msg,’$.mmsi’) AS VARCHAR); @rmoff
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ksql> CREATE OR REPLACE STREAM AIS_MSG_TYPE_5 WITH (FORMAT=’AVRO’) SELECT CAST(EXTRACTJSONFIELD(msg,’$.type’) AS INT) CAST(EXTRACTJSONFIELD(msg,’$.mmsi’) AS VARCHAR) CAST(EXTRACTJSONFIELD(msg,’$.callsign’) AS VARCHAR) CAST(EXTRACTJSONFIELD(msg,’$.shipname’) AS VARCHAR) CONCAT(CAST(EXTRACTJSONFIELD(msg,’$.shipname’) AS VARCHAR), ’ (‘, CAST(EXTRACTJSONFIELD(msg,’$.callsign’) AS VARCHAR), ‘)’) CAST(EXTRACTJSONFIELD(msg,’$.shiptype_text’) AS VARCHAR) CAST(EXTRACTJSONFIELD(msg,’$.destination’) AS VARCHAR) FROM AIS_RAW WHERE EXTRACTJSONFIELD(msg,’$.type’) = ‘5’ PARTITION BY CAST(EXTRACTJSONFIELD(msg,’$.mmsi’) AS VARCHAR); AS AS AS AS AS msg_type, mmsi, callsign, shipname_raw, AS shipname, AS shiptype_text, AS destination @rmoff
Build a materialized view of state from a Kafka topic ksql> CREATE TABLE SHIP_INFO AS SELECT MMSI, MAX(ROWTIME) AS LAST_INFO_PING_TS, LATEST_BY_OFFSET(SHIPNAME) AS SHIPNAME, LATEST_BY_OFFSET(DRAUGHT) AS DRAUGHT, LATEST_BY_OFFSET(DESTINATION) AS DESTINATION FROM AIS_MSG_TYPE_5 GROUP BY MMSI EMIT CHANGES; ksql> SELECT MMSI, TIMESTAMPTOSTRING(LAST_INFO_PING_TS,’HH:mm:ss’,’Europe/London’) AS LAST_INFO_PING_TS, SHIPNAME, DRAUGHT, DESTINATION FROM SHIP_INFO WHERE MMSI = ‘255805587’; +—————+—————————+—————————+————+——————+ |MMSI |LAST_INFO_PING_TS |SHIPNAME |DRAUGHT |DESTINATION | +—————+—————————+—————————+————+——————+ |255805587 |11:17:17 |NCL AVEROY (CQHL) |7.5 |SVELGEN | +—————+—————————+—————————+————+——————+ @rmoff
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AIS_MSG_TYPE_1_2_3 @rmoff
SHIP_INFO @rmoff
AIS_MSG_TYPE_1_2_3 SHIP_INFO @rmoff
Join the stream to the table ksql> CREATE STREAM SHIP_STATUS_REPORTS WITH (KAFKA_TOPIC=’SHIP_STATUS_REPORTS_V00’) AS SELECT STATUS_REPORT.ROWTIME AS STATUS_TS, STATUS_REPORT., SHIP_INFO. FROM AIS_MSG_TYPE_1_2_3 STATUS_REPORT LEFT JOIN SHIP_INFO SHIP_INFO ON STATUS_REPORT.MMSI = SHIP_INFO.MMSI ; @rmoff
Ship movements (msg type 1) enriched with ship details (msg type 5) ksql> SELECT TIMESTAMPTOSTRING(STATUS_TS,’HH:mm:ss’,’Europe/Oslo’) AS STATUS_TS, SHIP_LOCATION, STATUS_REPORT_STATUS_TEXT, SHIP_INFO_SHIPNAME, SHIP_INFO_DRAUGHT, SHIP_INFO_DESTINATION_LIST FROM SHIP_STATUS_REPORTS WHERE SHIP_INFO_MMSI = ‘255805587’ EMIT CHANGES; +—————-+————————————————+—————————————-+——————————-+—————————-+———————————+ |STATUS_TS |SHIP_LOCATION |STATUS_REPORT_STATUS_TEXT |SHIP_INFO_SHIPNAME |SHIP_INFO_DRAUGHT |SHIP_INFO_DESTINATION | +—————-+————————————————+—————————————-+——————————-+—————————-+———————————+ |11:37:47 |{lat=61.773223, lon=5.294023} |Moored |NCL AVEROY (CQHL) |7.5 |[SVELGEN] | […] |17:16:45 |{lat=61.939807, lon=5.143242} |Under way using engine |NCL AVEROY (CQHL) |7.5 |[FLORO] | […] |23:05:25 |{lat=62.468148, lon=6.137387} |Under way using engine |NCL AVEROY (CQHL) |8.1 |[ALESUND] | […] |23:11:04 |{lat=62.468122, lon=6.13745} |Under way using engine |NCL AVEROY (CQHL) |8.1 |[ALESUND] | […] |23:35:47 |{lat=62.468125, lon=6.137473} |Moored |NCL AVEROY (CQHL) |8.1 |[ALESUND] | […] @rmoff
Stream the enriched Kafka topic to Elasticsearch @rmoff
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Identifying Transshipping Behaviour Miller NA, Roan A, Hochberg T, Amos J and Kroodsma DA (2018) Identifying Global Patterns of Transshipment Behavior. Front. Mar. Sci. 5:240. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2018.00240 @rmoff
Credit: Francisco Blaha
Additional ship data fi https://global shingwatch.org/data-download/datasets/public-miller-frontiers-marine-science-2018 @rmoff
One-time CSV data load into Kafka $ ccloud kafka topic create reefers $ tr -d ‘\r’ < Reefer.csv | \ awk -F”;” ’ { print $2 “\x1c” $1 } ‘| \ docker run —rm —interactive edenhill/kafkacat:1.6.0 \ kafkacat -X security.protocol=SASL_SSL -X sasl.mechanisms=PLAIN \ -X ssl.ca.location=./etc/ssl/cert.pem -X api.version.request=true \ -b $CCLOUD_BROKER:9092 \ -X sasl.username=”$CCLOUD_API_KEY” \ -X sasl.password=”$CCLOUD_API_SECRET” \ -t reefers -K$’\x1c’ -P $ ccloud kafka topic create transshipment-vessels $ tr -d ‘\r’ < transshipment-vessels-v20170717.csv | \ sed “s/,/$(printf ‘\x1c’)/” | \ docker run —rm —interactive edenhill/kafkacat:1.6.0 \ kafkacat -X security.protocol=SASL_SSL -X sasl.mechanisms=PLAIN \ -X ssl.ca.location=./etc/ssl/cert.pem -X api.version.request=true \ -b $CCLOUD_BROKER:9092 \ -X sasl.username=”$CCLOUD_API_KEY” \ -X sasl.password=”$CCLOUD_API_SECRET” \ -t transshipment-vessels -K$’\x1c’ -P @rmoff
Pattern matching (part 1) Miller NA, Roan A, Hochberg T, Amos J and Kroodsma DA (2018) Identifying Global Patterns of Transshipment Behavior. Front. Mar. Sci. 5:240. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2018.00240 @rmoff
Pattern matching with ksqlDB @rmoff
Preparing the ship movements stream CREATE STREAM SHIP_STATUS_REPORTS WITH (KAFKA_TOPIC=’SHIP_STATUS_REPORTS_V00’) AS SELECT STATUS_REPORT.ROWTIME AS STATUS_TS, STATUS_REPORT., SHIP_INFO., 1 AS DUMMY FROM AIS_MSG_TYPE_1_2_3 STATUS_REPORT LEFT JOIN SHIP_INFO SHIP_INFO ON STATUS_REPORT.MMSI = SHIP_INFO.MMSI; CREATE STREAM REEFER_MOVEMENTS AS SELECT * FROM SHIP_STATUS_REPORTS WHERE (SHIP_INFO_IS_TRANSSHIPPER=1 OR SHIP_INFO_IS_REEFER=1); @rmoff
Stream-Stream Join with GEO_DISTANCE CREATE STREAM REEFERS_AND_VESSELS_WITHIN_500M WITH (KAFKA_TOPIC=’REEFERS_AND_VESSELS_WITHIN_500M_V00’) AS SELECT V.STATUS_REPORT_MMSI AS FISHING_VESSEL_MMSI, R.STATUS_REPORT_MMSI AS REEFER_MMSI, V.SHIP_LOCATION AS FISHING_VESSEL_LOCATION, R.SHIP_LOCATION AS REEFER_LOCATION, GEO_DISTANCE(V.STATUS_REPORT_LAT, V.STATUS_REPORT_LON, R.STATUS_REPORT_LAT, R.STATUS_REPORT_LON, ‘KM’) AS DISTANCE_KM, CASE WHEN GEO_DISTANCE(V.STATUS_REPORT_LAT, V.STATUS_REPORT_LON, R.STATUS_REPORT_LAT, R.STATUS_REPORT_LON, ‘KM’) < 0.5 AND ( R.STATUS_REPORT_SPEED <2 AND V.STATUS_REPORT_SPEED < 2) THEN 1 ELSE 0 END AS IN_RANGE_AND_SPEED FROM SHIP_STATUS_REPORTS V INNER JOIN REEFER_MOVEMENTS R WITHIN 1 MINUTE ON R.DUMMY = V.DUMMY WHERE V.SHIP_INFO_SHIPTYPE_TEXT = ‘Fishing’ AND V.STATUS_REPORT_MMSI != R.STATUS_REPORT_MMSI AND GEO_DISTANCE(V.STATUS_REPORT_LAT, V.STATUS_REPORT_LON, R.STATUS_REPORT_LAT, R.STATUS_REPORT_LON, ‘KM’) < 1 PARTITION BY V.STATUS_REPORT_MMSI; @rmoff
Vessels identified as being near each other +——————————+——————+———————————————-+———————————————+———————————+—————————-+ |FISHING_VESSEL_MMSI |REEFER_MMSI |FISHING_VESSEL_LOCATION |REEFER_LOCATION |DISTANCE_KM |IN_RANGE_AND_SPEED | +——————————+——————+———————————————-+———————————————+———————————+—————————-+ |258036000 |257430000 |{lat=62.324023, lon=5.66427} |{lat=62.321373, lon=5.653208} |0.642853083812366 |0 | |273844800 |273440860 |{lat=69.728918, lon=30.034538} |{lat=69.72819, lon=30.03179} |0.1332701769571591 |1 | |273433220 |273440860 |{lat=69.72493, lon=30.023542} |{lat=69.72819, lon=30.03179} |0.4820709202116538 |1 | |273433400 |273440860 |{lat=69.727357, lon=30.03141} |{lat=69.72819, lon=30.03179} |0.09377524348557457 |1 | |257810500 |258211000 |{lat=62.55565, lon=6.26555} |{lat=62.548723, lon=6.276892} |0.9649975921607864 |0 | @rmoff
Vessels identified using ksqlDB streamed to Elasticsearch and Kibana @rmoff
Pattern matching (part 2) Miller NA, Roan A, Hochberg T, Amos J and Kroodsma DA (2018) Identifying Global Patterns of Transshipment Behavior. Front. Mar. Sci. 5:240. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2018.00240 @rmoff
Session windowed aggregations with ksqlDB SELECT FISHING_VESSEL_MMSI, REEFER_MMSI, TIMESTAMPTOSTRING(MIN(ROWTIME),’HH:mm:ss’,’Europe/Oslo’) AS FIRST_TIME, TIMESTAMPTOSTRING(MAX(ROWTIME),’HH:mm:ss’,’Europe/Oslo’) AS LAST_TIME, (MAX(ROWTIME) - MIN(ROWTIME)) / 1000 AS DIFF_SEC, MAX(DISTANCE_KM) AS FURTHEST_DISTANCE, COUNT(*) AS EVENT_CT FROM REEFERS_AND_VESSELS_WITHIN_1KM WINDOW SESSION (10 MINUTES) WHERE IN_RANGE_AND_SPEED=1 GROUP BY FISHING_VESSEL_MMSI, REEFER_MMSI EMIT CHANGES; +——————————+——————+—————-+—————+————-+—————————-+————-+ |FISHING_VESSEL_MMSI |REEFER_MMSI |FIRST_TIME |LAST_TIME |DIFF_SEC |FURTHEST_DISTANCE |EVENT_CT | +——————————+——————+—————-+—————+————-+—————————-+————-+ |273433220 |273440860 |11:57:14 |12:33:13 |2159 |0.4846046047267392 |13 | |258036000 |257430000 |13:01:07 |13:04:54 |227 |0.4997634317289095 |4 | |257888000 |258211000 |11:57:54 |13:33:45 |5751 |0.3039245344432804 |58 | @rmoff
CREATE TABLE REEFERS_AND_VESSELS_CLOSE_FOR_GT_2HR WITH (KAFKA_TOPIC=’REEFERS_AND_VESSELS_CLOSE_FOR_GT_2HR_V00’) AS SELECT FISHING_VESSEL_MMSI, REEFER_MMSI, STRUCT(“lat”:=LATEST_BY_OFFSET(FISHING_VESSEL_LAT),”lon”:=LATEST_BY_OFFSET(FISHING_VESSEL_LON)) LATEST_FISHING_VESSEL_LOCATION, STRUCT(“lat”:=LATEST_BY_OFFSET(REEFER_LAT), “lon”:=LATEST_BY_OFFSET(REEFER_LON)) MIN(DISTANCE_KM) MAX(DISTANCE_KM) MIN(FISHING_VESSEL_TS) MAX(FISHING_VESSEL_TS) (MAX(FISHING_VESSEL_TS) - MIN(FISHING_VESSEL_TS)) / 1000 FROM REEFERS_AND_VESSELS_WITHIN_1KM WINDOW SESSION (10 MINUTES) WHERE IN_RANGE_AND_SPEED = 1 GROUP BY FISHING_VESSEL_MMSI, REEFER_MMSI HAVING (MAX(ROWTIME) - MIN(ROWTIME)) / 1000 > 7200; AS AS AS AS AS AS AS LATEST_REEFER_LOCATION, CLOSEST_DISTANCE_KM, FURTHEST_DISTANCE_KM, FIRST_TS, LAST_TS, DIFF_SEC @rmoff
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Recap @rmoff
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#EOF @rmoff http://youtube.com/rmoff
This is the recording of my Kafka Summit 2021 talk about doing interesting things with real-time streams of AIS data. It covers both “standard” streaming ETL stuff to build fancy dashboards, as well as using stream processing to identify in real-time ships that may be engaged in transshipping.
If you’re interested in the topic but prefer the written word to video, the talk is based on these two blogs.
The great thing about streams of real-time events is that they can be used to spot behaviours as they happen and respond to them as needed. Instead of waiting until tomorrow to find out what happened yesterday, we can act on things straight away.
This talk will show a real-life example of one particular pattern that it’s useful to detect—ships engaged in potentially suspicious behaviour at sea. Transhipping is often used for legitimate purposes to optimise efficiencies but can also be used for nefarious purposes such as illegal fishing.
By capturing streams of maritime AIS data in real-time into Kafka and processing it with ksqlDB, it’s possible to detect the kind of characteristics that could indicate behaviour of interest, such as ships moving slowly at close proximity for a length of time.
I’ll demonstrate how the data was ingested from a raw TCP feed, unified with reference data from CSV files, and then processed to spot patterns with the resulting real-time stream of matches written to a new Kafka topic for validation and analysis.
Video
Resources
The following resources were mentioned during the presentation or are useful additional information.
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Confluent Cloud
Managed Apache Kafka, ksqlDB, and Schema Registry. Use code
RMOFF200when you sign up! -
Confluent Developer
The pre-eminent resource for learning Apache Kafka. There are free training courses, event streaming patterns, deep-dive articles, and language-specific client programming guides. Check it out!
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✍🏻Blog: Streaming ETL and Analytics on Confluent with Maritime AIS Data
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✍🏻Blog: Detecting Patterns of Behaviour in Streaming Maritime AIS Data with Confluent
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👾Demo code
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